tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57483275285991195362024-03-13T13:43:26.741-07:00Joanna WaughJoanna Waughhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08404624907736073455noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-8239142653571056402015-10-25T07:01:00.000-07:002015-10-25T07:01:53.633-07:00Harvest Home -- British Thanksgiving<div style="text-align: justify;">
In Britain, the harvest cycle that began on Lammas Day (August 1st) ends at the autumnal equinox in late September. Like Thanksgiving in America, this time of year is associated with the celebration of bounty, and has been since the 6th century.<br />
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The term harvest comes from the Anglo-Saxon word <span style="font-style: italic;">haerfest</span>, which means autumn. Harvest Home is held near the first full (harvest) moon in September. The first full moon after that is known as the hunters moon because the fields are bare and easier for hunters to navigate.<br />
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Like Thanksgiving in America, Harvest Home is marked by religious services, the gathering of family, and food. The Feast of St. Michael—Michaelmas—occurs this time of year. The goose is associated with Harvest Home because Queen Elizabeth I is said to have been eating one on Michaelmas in 1588 when she received word her fleet had defeated the Spanish Armada. She vowed always to eat goose on Michaelmas thereafter and instructed her subjects to do so as well.</div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Corn Dollie</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">s</span><br />
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Of the many British harvest customs, “corn dollies” are the most interesting. The last of the harvested corn stalks were gathered and tied together in fanciful shapes believed to embody the living spirit of the corn. Often they looked like human women, and are thought to be the image of the Roman goddess of agriculture and grain, Ceres. Corn dollies were kept until the following spring and plowed under during the planting to ensure a bountiful crop.<br />
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Sometimes a horse was shaped from the stalks of the first field harvested in an English community. The farmer then passed this “mare” on to his neighbor who worked hard to finish his own field. Once done, that fellow then tossed it into the field of another with the accompanying call “Mare! Mare!” The last farmer to bring in his harvest had to keep the “mare” on display in his home until spring.<br />
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In Cornwall, a similar tradition is practiced today. Known as Crying the Neck, the last handful of grain harvested is held high and everyone shouts in celebration.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Thanksgiving in other English-speaking countries</span><br />
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Thanksgiving in Canada is the second Monday in October. Australians celebrate a National Day of Thanksgiving that has more to do with being thankful for life’s blessings than a bountiful harvest. Until 1863, every US president designated one day a year as a general day of thanksgiving. Not always were these associated with bountiful harvests, and often they occurred in December. Lincoln established the last Thursday in November as a permanent holiday to give thanks for fruitfulness. In 1939, however, there were five Thursdays in November. President Roosevelt declared that, henceforth, Thanksgiving would be the fourth Thursday and so it has remained.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-29432449490890512932015-05-05T05:01:00.000-07:002015-05-05T05:01:20.881-07:00Common Ridings and Beating the BoundsOn Ascension Sunday -- six weeks after Easter or on the first full moon after the vernal equinox --communities in England "beat the bounds." The practice dates back two thousand years, before the advent of surveying. Locals form a procession around the church, manorial and civil boundaries to reacquaint residents with the major rocks, walls, trees and hedges that serve as landmarks. In the old days, landmarks were struck with a willow stick stripped of its bark. Sometimes a young boy was held upside down and his head tapped against the marker stone. <br />
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The later custom dates back to pagan times when the body of a sacrificed child was buried in the foundation of a new structure. In addition, Romans used to sacrifice a goat to the god Pan, smear blood on the foreheads of young boys, then whip them around the boundaries. <br />
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"Beating the bounds" was particularly important during the Middle Ages. It reinforced property ownership at a time when documentation was difficult and most people could not read. Participation of the Church in this ceremony—the most powerful political entity of the time—lent official credence. The practice developed into a rogation, a religious procession in which fields were blessed and God’s mercy was invoked. It also served to banish the evil spirits thought to inhabit boundary markers.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Common Ridings/Riding the Marches</span><br />
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The Scottish version of beating the bounds is done on horseback in late June. It’s a secular rather than religious ceremony. A young man called the “Cornet” (named after the junior cavalry member who carried the standard into battle) heads the cavalcade carrying the burgh’s flag. He is accompanied by the Right and Left-Handed Men. The Right-Handed Man is the Cornet from the previous year, while the Left-Handed Man is Cornet from the year before that. The ride ends in a “cornet’s gallop” back to town with the Right and Left-Handed Men in hot pursuit of the banner carrier. <br />
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Like their English counterparts, the Scots carried branches with which to strike the landmarks. In this case, they were birch rather than willow and called “birks.” If any landmark needed repair, it was attended to. A landmark status report was made to the Crown.<br />
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The oldest surviving ride is said to date from 1140 in the Royal Burgh of Lanark. Called Lanimer (Landmark) Day, it has evolved into a week-long celebration that includes horse and foot races, a festival and choosing of a queen. In the old days, first time riders were dunked in the river Mouss which bisects the parish and into which one of the “march stones” was place. The dunking was done to impress upon the newcomer the seriousness of the task. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-21156427257415798032015-03-15T08:00:00.000-07:002015-03-15T07:57:08.610-07:00Mothering Sunday<div style="text-align: justify;">
Until the mid-17th century, the fourth Sunday in Lent was known as <span style="font-style: italic;">Refreshment Sunda</span>y or <span style="font-style: italic;">Laetare Sunday</span>. (Roughly translated, <span style="font-style: italic;">laetare</span> means "delight" or "joyful.") For that one day, the Church relaxed its Lenten fasting rules in honor of the biblical story about the Feeding of the Five Thousand (Miracle of the Five Loaves and Fishes).
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During the Middles Ages, the Church required that, at least once a year, people returned to their local or "mother" churches -- the one in which they were baptized. The fourth Sunday in Lent became the date upon which this was commonly done and the pilgrimage was referred to as going "a-mothering."
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Gradually, the secular habit of honoring mothers was grafted onto the religious observance. It began as a region custom in the western counties, and slowly spread to the rest of Britain.
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The first known reference to Mothering Sunday is found in the 1644 diary of Richard Symonds:
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"Every mid-Lent Sunday is a great day in Worcester, when all the children and god-children m</span></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">eet at the head and chief of the family and have a feast. They call it the Mothering-day.</span></span>"
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Mothering Sunday became the one day a year that people "in service" were allowed to return home for a visit. Children would bring their mothers small gifts, flowers, and a simnel cake.
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According to Rebecca Edridge in 1822 --
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…members of the same family go to visit the oldest female of th</span></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">eir line…The venerable matron on that day sits enthroned, the Queen of the festival.”</span></span>
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Old family stories were told and games played before the cowslip wine and cake were passed out.
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Simnel Cakes</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Simnellus</span> was a kind of fine wheaten bread the Romans ate during their spring fe</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">rtility rites.</span> Since at least the time of Edward the Confessor, bakery goods were made on specially occasions from <span style="font-style: italic;">simnel</span>. It was so highly prized that the canon, David de Aqua, willed land in Hertfordshire for its cultivation when he died in the late 12th century.
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There are several legends about the origins of simnel cakes. According to one, a married couple -- Simon and Nell -- argued about whether to boil or bake the cake. (They did both.) In another, it was said the cake was invented by Henry VII's baker, Lambert Simnel. The later story is unlikely because Robert Herrick mentions simnel cake in his 1648 poem, <span style="font-style: italic;">To D</span><span style="font-style: italic;">ianeme: A Ceremony at Gloucester:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> I'll to thee a simnel bring</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">'Gainst thou go'st a mothering</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">So that, when she blesseth thee,</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Half that blessing thou'lt give to me.</span></span>
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Resources:
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<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://anglicanhistory.org/lent/rosenthal_mothering.html">Mothering Sunday</a> by G.D. Rosenthal; Project Canterbury
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=UC8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=gentleman%27s+magazine+1784+mothering+sunday&source=bl&ots=lBncm1VEn2&sig=DTImju1AS6XhNmWOP7NCSHuQv9M&hl=en&ei=zCGRS6rLB5DOM63M5IgN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false"></a></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=UC8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=gentleman%27s+magazine+1784+mothering+sunday&source=bl&ots=lBncm1VEn2&sig=DTImju1AS6XhNmWOP7NCSHuQv9M&hl=en&ei=zCGRS6rLB5DOM63M5IgN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Mothering Sunday</a>; The Gentleman’s Magazine Library 1731-1868; p. 31</span><br />
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line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0bgBAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA17&dq=mothering+sunday&lr=&client=firefox-a&cd=27#v=onepage&q=mothering%20sunday&f=false">Mothering Sunday</a>, The Scrinium by Rebecca Edridge Vol II; 1822; p.17</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="http://recipe85.com/simnel-cake/106/"> </a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.mrsbeeton.com/37-chapter37.html#1817"></a></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.mrsbeeton.com/37-chapter37.html#1817">Recipe for Cowslip Wine</a>, Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management; Chapter 37: Beverage Receipes; p.1817</span><br />
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href="http://books.google.com/books?id=eqI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA122&lpg=RA1-PA122&dq=St+Milburga%27s+Day+simnel&source=bl&ots=t5QVVY1eLL&sig=Oribh7a2PvwTh618tw0SLzv5ASs&hl=en&ei=eU6RS5GSPJTINb_R2I8N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=St%20Milburga%27s%20Day%20simnel&f=false">The Outfit for the Profession of an Austin Canoness at Lacock, Wilts. in the Year 1395, and Other Memorabilia</a>, By the Rev. W.G. Clark Maxwell, M.A., F.S.A.;The Archaeological Journal Vol LXIX No. 273 Second Series Vol. XIX No. 1;By British Archaeological Association, Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland; March, 1912; p. 122 </span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;">
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2cw_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA27&dq=richard+symonds+mothering+sunday&lr=&client=firefox-a&cd=11#v=onepage&q=mothering&f=false">Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army During the Great Civil War kept by Richard Symonds</a>; Edited by Charles Edward Long, Trinity College, Cambridge; 1859; p. 27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} .MsoPapDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; margin-bottom:10.0pt; line-height:115%;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22421/22421-h/ii.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Hesperides #684: To Dianeme: A Ceremony in Gloucester</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> by Robert Herrick; The Hesperides & Noble Numbers Vol II; Edited by Alfred Plllard; Aberdeen University Press; 1898</span></span>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-91563176092256015892015-01-21T08:45:00.000-08:002017-08-05T13:29:58.917-07:00Ice Houses and WellsPrior to the advent of mechanical refrigeration, preservation of food was difficult, especially during the summer. The practice of building ice houses/wells is said to have come to England from France. One of the first was build in 1619 in Greenwich for James I. <br />
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By the 18th Century, ice houses/wells were common on estates. The larger the estate, the more ice houses. An ice house stood on the southwest corner of the grounds of the Royal Pavilion in Brighton. Rufford Abbey in Nottinghamshire had five. Sizes varied. The ice house at Petworth has three pits.</div>
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Ice wells/houses were built close to a lake or pond that was often created specifically to supply the ice. The structures were made of brick with a domed roof for air circulation, and lined with straw. The floor sloped to a runoff drain. Ice houses often had more than one entrance, or possessed dogleg passages to further insulate them. (Click on image for larger view of how an ice house was constructed.)</div>
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In the winter, once the lake or pond froze over, blocks of ice were cut and stacked inside with sawdust and straw in between. In 1980, an experiment was conduction at Levens Hall (Cumbria) where ice was maintained this way for thirteen months.<br />
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By 1820, iceberg ice was being imported from Greenland and Scandinavia.<br />
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The advent of mechanical refrigeration spelled the demise of the ice house, although many remained in use well into the 20th Century. William Cullen demonstrated the first known artificial refrigeration at the University of Glasgow in 1748. The first practical refrigeration machine was built in 1834 by American Inventory, Jacob Perkins.<br />
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Over 2500 ice wells/houses still exist in Britain.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Resources:</span></span><br />
<a href="http://www.icehouses.co.uk/brighton.htm">Brighton: Ice Houses and the Commercial Ice Trade in Brighton</a><br />
<a href="http://www.history-magazine.com/refrig.html">History Magazine: The Impact of Refrigeration</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_house_%28building%29">Wikipedia: Ice Houses (building)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.london-footprints.co.uk/articehse.htm">Ice Wells and Ice Houses</a><br />
<a href="http://www.countrylife.co.uk/blogs/article/501894/The-ice-house-uncovered.html">Country Life.com.uk : The Ice House Uncovered</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-78305275153876460742013-02-12T07:03:00.001-08:002014-12-18T08:10:09.902-08:00Wilt thou be mine love -- aye or no?<h3>
<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">The following is a repost from my 2010 archives. Happy Valentine's Day!</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">In 1819, the poet Charles Lamb wrote of February 14th:<span style="color: #a64d79;"> <span style="color: black;"><i><b> </b></i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="color: black;"><i><b> </b></i></span></span></span><i><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">"T]his is the day upon which those charming little missives, ycleped Valentines, cross and intercross each other at every street and turning. The weary and all for-spent twopenny postman sinks beneath a load of delicate embarrassments, not his own. It is scarcely credible to what an extent this ephemeral courtship is carried on...to the great enrichment of porters, and detriment of knockers and bell-wires."</span></i></div>
<span style="background-color: purple;"><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">Lamb was speaking of a custom that dates to</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"> at least the 15th century. </span>The oldest known valentine written in English was discovere<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">d among the Paston Letters in the British Library. Margery Brews penned it to her fiancé John Paston in 1477:</span>
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<i><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">"Right
reverent and worshipful and my right well-beloved valentine, I
recommend me unto you full heartedly, desiring to hear of your welfare,
which I beseech Almighty God long for to preserve unto his pleasure and
your hearts desire."</span></i>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">Prior to that discovery, the oldest valentines in British possession were tho</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">se
of Charles, Duke of Orleans. The Duke wrote more than sixty to his wife
in France over the course of his twenty-five year incarceration in the
Tower of London following the Battle of Agincourt in 1415:</span>
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<span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">"Wilt thou be mine? dear Love, reply-- </span> <span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">
<br />Sweetly consent or else deny. </span> <span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">
<br />Whisper softly, none shall know, </span> <span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">
<br />Wilt thou be mine, Love?--aye or no?" </span>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">Many examples of Victorian v</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">alentines have survived, but what did the earlier ones look like?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"> </span>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">
</span>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">Usually</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> homemade, they</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> were hand-painted and decorated with lacy paper, ribbons, gold leaf, satins, silks and exotic feathers.</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> E</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">nterprisi</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">ng publishers too</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">k</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> advantage of the craze by printing chapbooks o</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">f verses. Publications like <span style="font-style: italic;">The New English Val</span></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ntine Write</span></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">r</span> by J. Turner (1784), and <span style="font-style: italic;">Every Ladies Own Valentine Writer</span> by J. Roac</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">h (1797) addressed all levels of intimacy and even provided responses to their own poems.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">According to Mr. Lamb: "</span><a href="http://www.victoriantreasury.com/library/2007-01_Puzzle_Purses/" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">In these little visual in</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">terpretations, no emblem is so common as </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">the
heart—that little three-cornered exponent of all our hopes and fears…it
is twisted and tortured into more allegories and affectations th</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">an an opera hat." </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black;">Some were on the</span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">"finest gilt paper with borders--full not of common hearts and heartless </span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">allegory, but all the prettiest stories of love from Ovid and older poets..." </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">
</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">In 1667, Dr. Samuel Pepys </span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">wrote: </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">"This morning, came up t</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">o my wife's bedside, I being up dressing myself, little Will Mercer to be her Valentine; and brought her name writ up</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">on blue paper in gold letters..."</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;"> </span>Two days later, Pepys visited Mrs. Pearse and was given a valentine by her little girl. </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">"But here I do first observe," </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">he wrote,</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> "the fashion of drawing mottos as w</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">ell as names, so that Pearse, who drew m</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">y wife, did draw also a motto...'</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">Most courteous and fair'.</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">.."</span> </div>
<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">
</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">In her article for <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=R5LNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA376&dq=valentine+writer&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=valentine%20writer&f=false" target="_blank"><span style="font-style: italic;">Cosmopolitan Magazine</span></a> in 1901, Millicent Olmsted </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">provides a glimpse at a particul</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">ar style with which we all are familiar--the cut paper valentine. According to Ms. Olmsted, they were<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> "</span><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">fold</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;">ed</span> <span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;">an</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;">d delicately cut with saw-tooth edges, then opened and filled in with written sentiments. The one sho</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">w</span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">n</span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> here is very old, ragged, yellow and limp. It was sent to Permillia Wainright in New Jersey, and bear</span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">s </span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">o</span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">n t</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">he back of it her initials and the date, 1783.</span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> During the decades, the </span><span class="gstxt_hlt" style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">valentine </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">has fallen to tatters and has lost a narrow outer ring that bore the inscription: "Round is the ring that has no end.</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;"> So is my love to you, my friend."</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;"> </span> </span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">(Olmsted goes on to describe a puzzle purse valentine from 1790. To see what it </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">looked like, click on<span style="font-style: italic;"> <a href="http://www.victoriantreasury.com/library/2007-01_Puzzle_Purses/" target="_blank">Nancy's Puzzle Purse Valentine</a></span>. The one Ms. Rosin shows from 1816 fits Olmsted's description. To read the verses, click the <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2249&dat=18990320&id=2gQ0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=FCMIAAAAIBAJ&pg=3061,2213415" target="_blank"><span style="font-style: italic;">Boston Evening Transcrip</span>t link to <span style="font-style: italic;">Come Be My Valentine</span></a>, or refer to Olmsted's <span style="font-style: italic;">Cosmopolitan</span> article.)</span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">Other popular valentine designs:</span>
</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">acrostic</span> -- first letter of each verse spells a vertical word</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">pinprick</span> -- holes were pricked in a pattern with a needle or pin</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">stencil</span></span> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">rebus</span> -- pictures drawn to convey a word, like an eye for the word "I"</span> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">loveknots</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">It
seems odd that, in all Jane Austen's letters and stories, she never
refers to Valentine's Day. Most Janeites believe Frank Churchill's gift
of a pianoforte to Jane Fairfax in <span style="font-style: italic;">Emma</span>
occurred on February 14th, but Austen doesn't say so. Perhaps her
opinion of valentines more closely resembled that of Elizabeth Bennet in
<span style="font-style: italic;">Pride & Prejudice</span>:</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">
</span></span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">"I wonder who first discovered the efficacy of poetry in driving away love!"</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">"I have been used to consider poetry as the </span><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;">food</span><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> of love," said Darcy.</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">"Of
a fine, stout, healthy love it may. Everything nourishes what is strong
already. But if it be only a slight, thin sort of inclination, I am
convinced that one good sonnet will starve it entirely away."</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Resources:</span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.angelfire.com/nv/mf/elia1/valentine.html" style="font-family: times new roman;">Valentine's Day</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Essays of Elia</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, Charles Lamb, 1819</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/642175.stm" style="font-family: times new roman;">Love's Labour Found</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">,</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;"> BBC News</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, February 14, 2000</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/late/england/valentine.html" style="font-family: times new roman;">Two Letters from Margery Brews to John Paston in February 1477</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">The ORB:</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">On-Lone Reference Book for Medieval Studies</span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.candicehern.com/collections/03/valentine.htm" style="font-family: times new roman;">Victorian Valentines: Part 1</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, Candice Hern, February 1,2003</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.origami-resource-center.com/valentine-puzzle-purses.html" style="font-family: times new roman;">Valentine Puzzle Purses</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, Origami Resource Center</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.victoriantreasury.com/library/2007-01_Puzzle_Purses/" style="font-family: times new roman;">Nancy's Puzzle Purse Valentine</a></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9MwLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA465&dq=samuel+pepys+valentine+will+mercer&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false" style="font-family: times new roman;">The Diary of Samuel Pepys</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">the Globe Edition with introduction and notes by G. Gregory. Smith</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, London 1905, MacMillan and Co. Ltd., p. 465</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://web.mit.edu/21h.418/www/nhausman/chap1.html" style="font-family: times new roman;">Chapbooks: Definition and Orgins</a></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.victorianamagazine.com/valentinesday/valentinewriter.htm" style="font-family: times new roman;">Valentine Writers</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Victoriana Magazine</span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=R5LNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA376&dq=valentine+writer&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=valentine%20writer&f=false" style="font-family: times new roman;">The Festival of Love</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> by Millicent Olmsted, </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Cosmopolitan: A Monthly Illustrated Magazine</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, Vol. XXX; November 1900-April, 1901; Millicent Olmstead, p. 372-380</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2249&dat=18990320&id=2gQ0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=FCMIAAAAIBAJ&pg=3061,2213415" style="font-family: times new roman;">"Come Be My Valentine</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">",<span style="font-style: italic;"> Boston Evening Transcript</span>, March 20, 1899</span></span>; p. 7
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6lgVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=pride+and+prejudice&lr=&client=firefox-a&cd=1#v=onepage&q=food%20of%20love&f=false" style="font-family: times new roman;">Pride and Prejudice</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, by Jane Austen, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1918; p.44</span></span>
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-->Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-43990631780453657892012-12-01T07:25:00.000-08:002017-07-17T09:55:07.114-07:00Christmas Crackers and Gingerbread<h2>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Christmas Cracker</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Christmas Cracker was invented by a London confectioner named Tom Smith around 1847. Mr. Smith had fallen in love with the <a href="http://www.sweetsentiments.co.uk/Bonbons/Taveners_Toffee_Bon_Bons" target="_blank">French Bon-Bon</a>, a sugared almond candy twisted in waxed paper. He brought the idea back to England and toyed around with ever more elaborate models for several years. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Eventually he settled on a cardboard tube wrapped in paper with a twist of saltpeter on each end. When pulled apart, it created a spark and a loud bang. People called them <i>cosaques</i> after the sound of a Russian Cossack whip makes. We know them today as crackers. </span></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gingerbread</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The word gingerbread is a corruption of the Old French word <i>gingebras</i> which means "preserved ginger." The spice was introduced into Europe in the 11th Century by Crusaders. But like so many Eastern spices, only the wealthy could afford it.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">During the Middles Ages in Germany, only members of the gingerbread bakers guild -- <i>Lebkucher </i>-- were allowed to make it. The City of Nuremberg became known as the gingerbread capitol of the world. Ladies gave gingerbread cakes to their favorites knights. Queen Elizabeth I gave gingerbread made in the image of the recipient as Christmas gifts. </span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Grimm Brothers' tales about Hanzel and Gretel popularizzed gingerbread in the 19th Century.</span></div>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Resources:</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/ten_ages_gallery.shtml" target="_blank">Ten Ages of Christmas</a>, BBC History</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://londonist.com/2012/12/london-christmas-past-the-invention-of-the-christmas-cracker.php" target="_blank">London Christmas Past: The Invention of the Christmas Cracker</a>; Londonist </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://wwwiz.com/issue04/wiz_d04.html" target="_blank">The History of Gingerbread</a>; WWWiz Magazine</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ingestandimbibe.com/Articles/ginger.html" target="_blank">Gingerbread Throughout History, A Sweet Holiday Retrospective</a>; Eat, Drink and Really Be Merry</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.historicfood.com/Gingerbread%20Recipe.htm" target="_blank">Lady Barbara Fleming's Gingerbreads 1673</a>; Historic Food </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-64239815067081387822012-10-21T07:34:00.005-07:002014-12-18T08:10:40.673-08:00Trafalgar Day<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in 1805, the inimitable Admiral Lord Nelson signaled from his ship the <i>Victory</i> those famous words, "<i>England expects that every man will do his duty</i>," then proceeded to annihilate the combined French and Spanish fleet off Spain's Cape Trafalgar. <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/launch_ani_trafalgar.shtml" target="_blank">Click here</a> to watch an animated video of the battle.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Resources</b>:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" target="_blank">Battle of Trafalgar </a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.nelsonsnavy.co.uk/battle-of-trafalgar.html" target="_blank">Battle of Trafalgar</a> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-20007664" target="_blank">Portsmouth Battle of Trafalgar Procession</a>, BBC News Hampshire & Isle of Wight </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-48203322447619207972012-10-15T09:39:00.001-07:002014-12-18T08:11:01.763-08:00The Great Conduit<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By the 13th Century, London's population of forty thousand was crammed behind the city walls on the north side of the Thames River. Residents relied on natural wells, streams and rivers for their daily water. In the year 1237, the City decided to build a piping system that became knows as the Great Conduit. Water wheels were constructed beneath London Bridge and a reservoir was built at Tyburn from which Thames water was gravity fed to cisterns in the city. Pipes buried in the center of London's streets carried the water to private buildings.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While the poor continued to draw from the river, public cisterns and fountains, the wealthy paid a fee for the privilege of tapping into The Great Conduit. Wardens were appointed to prevent illegal usage and to maintain the system. But the reliance on elm and lead pipes was a major disadvantage. While elm wood didn't decay once soaked (London Bridge's pilings were made of elm) wood and lead pipes were no match for the Great Fire of 1666. (<a href="http://www.sewerhistory.org/grfx/components/pipe-wood1.htm" target="_blank">Click here to see what these wood pipes</a><a href="http://www.sewerhistory.org/grfx/components/pipe-wood1.htm" target="_blank"> looked like</a>, and here for a <a href="http://www.molas.org.uk/pages/siteDetails.asp?siteID=ngt00_3" target="_blank">views of the lead ones</a>.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By the middle of the 16th Century, iron pipes had replaced the wood and lead ones. Before the turn of the century, Mr. Watt patented his steam engine. Steam power quickly replaced horsepower to lift water from the Thames and its tributaries.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Typical of the water companies of the time was Chelsea Waterworks. Established in 1723, it pumped water from the Thames north of what later became Victoria Station to supply the City of Westminster and Kensington Palace. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1725, two ponds in Green Park served as Chelsea Waterworks reservoirs. (<a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=742032&partid=1&output=People%2F!!%2FOR%2F!!%2F128232%2F!%2F128232-3-17%2F!%2FPurchased+from+John+Gregory+Crace%2F!%2F%2F!!%2F%2F!!!%2F&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fadvanced_search.aspx&currentPage=5&numpages=10" target="_blank">Click here</a> to view people promenading around one Green Park reservoir and fountain in 1824, <a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?partid=1&objectid=3203919" target="_blank">and here</a> for a view of Chelsea Waterworks from the reservoir.) Another was built in the circle of Walnut Tree Walk in Hyde Park. Another was construction in the park opposite Mount Street. (Click on the map to see location.) The Dolphin Foundation is said to sit on an old reservoir site. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Abbey of Westminster once owned sole rights to the water of the springs and rivers of Hyde Park through a charter signed by Edward the Confessor. In 1830, Queen Caroline ordered the Westbourne River dammed to create the Serpentine. Chelsea Waterworks was paid hefty compensation for the loss of it water rights.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By 1856 there were nine water companies serving London. <a href="http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/watermap1856/watermap_1856.html" target="_blank">Click here for a map of their districts.</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Resources</b>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://thames.me.uk/s00049c.htm" target="_blank"><i>London Bridge: 1666-1825</i></a>, Where Thames Smooth Waters Glide</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_%28lake%29" target="_blank">Serpentine (Lake)</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributaries_of_the_River_Thames" target="_blank">Tributaries of the River Thames </a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://londonist.com/2009/11/londons_lost_rivers_from_above_the.php" target="_blank">London's Lost Rivers from above: The Westbourne</a>, Londonist</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=5jl8UM7IDa2M0QG2p4CYDw&id=7okLAAAAYAAJ&dq=historical+recollections+of+hyde+park&jtp=26#v=onepage&q=chelsea%20waterworks%20reservoirs&f=false" target="_blank">Reservoir of the Chelsea Water-Works</a>; Historical Recollections of Hyde Park by Thomas Smith; published 1836; p.26 </span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-51765928005322190232012-09-04T05:05:00.000-07:002014-12-18T08:11:46.208-08:00Michaelmas<br />
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<span id="yui_3_2_0_5_1344960352467621" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The following is a guest post
by Charae on the topic of Michaelmas. Charae and her sisters,
Lynnae, Leisel and Kayleen blog about Regency and Victorian life at <i><b><a href="http://www.crossroadoftime.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">The Crossroad of Time</span></a></b></i>.</span><i> </i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.</i> ~Pride and Prejudice~</b><i> </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>The Crofts were to have possession at Michaelmas; and as Sir Walter proposed removing to Bath in the course of the preceding month, there was no time to be lost in making every dependent arrangement. </i>~Persuasion ~</b></span></div>
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Michaelmas was a day of celebration and religious observance which also served to mark the onset of a new season. When Michaelmas arrived the warm days of summer were already giving place to the cooler breezes of autumn and the sun was setting at an earlier hour every evening. The English year was conveniently divided into quarters each of which marked the change from one season to the next and was celebrated by a feast day. Christmas on December 25 marked the onset of winter, Lady Day on March 25 celebrated the coming of spring, the Feast of St. John on June 24 heralded the arrival of summer, and Michaelmas on September 29 announced the coming of autumn.<br />
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Michaelmas (along with the other three feast days) was originally a religious event. It served to commemorate the archangel Michael, who was seen as the great warrior angel of heaven, and it celebrated the day on which Michael threw Satan out of heaven. Legendary St. George and his slaying of the dragon were also commemorated upon this day for it was said that St. George was granted his heroic power from the archangel Michael. Reenactments of this brave feat were an enjoyable past time for young men.</div>
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As with many English holidays, Michaelmas was accompanied by its own special superstitions and traditions. A popular superstition was that, when the devil fell from heaven, he landed in a blackberry bush. Getting up from the thorny branches, he turned and cursed the prickly fruit and, as a result, the English refrained from picking any more blackberries after Michaelmas. Perhaps the fact the berries are already past their prime and usually sour by then served as a stronger deterrent than belief in an ancient superstition. During that season of the year the Michaelmas Daisy comes into bloom. Its light blue, pink, or white petals added a splash of color to the gardens which were becoming barren in the colder weather; the delicate flowers proved a pretty farewell to the warmer months. No doubt many young lovesick lads or lasses sat alone and secretly plucked the petals repeating the age old refrain "S/He loves me, S/He loves me not." </div>
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Another tradition associated with the day was the eating of a goose. The proverb associated with this tradition was “If you eat goose on Michaelmas Day, you will not be short of money all year round.” The origin of the tradition of eating goose is uncertain. One common explanation was that Queen Elizabeth was feasting on goose when she received the news of the glorious victory of England over the Spanish Armada. As a result she proclaimed that geese should henceforth be eaten on that day. The theory, however, seems to fall apart when you compare dates and realize that the Armada was actually defeated on August 8 and it is unlikely that Elizabeth would have heard such blessed tiding almost two months after the fact on September 29. I know that news traveled slowly in those days, but for good news such as that to take so long the messenger would have had to set out on hands and knees and crawled to England.<br />
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Since Michaelmas was the day when rents became due, often the tenants of an estate would gather for a feast at the home of their landlord. Tradition for some was to bring a goose fattened on stubble hay which some perceived as a bribe to discourage the landlord from raising the rent (after all, the way to a man’s heart is through his stomach). This was also the day set apart for townsfolk to elect magistrates, for children to begin a new school year, and for tenants to lease properties.</div>
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Mr. Bingley takes possession of Netherfield at Michaelmas, the traditional time of year for securing a lease. The Crofts also take possession of Kellynch by Michaelmas. No doubt the desire to get settled in a place before the onset of winter contributed to the popularity of settling in by this particular date.</div>
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The feast days, therefore, not only proved a handy way of dividing up a long year but also gave the English, who need no excuse to celebrate, several days of feasting and fellowship rich in tradition and old fashioned fun. What better way is there to celebrate the coming of a new season and bid farewell to another?<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sources:</b></span></div>
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Hillman, Michael. "<a href="http://www.thebookofdays.com/months/sept/29.htm" target="_blank">September 29th</a>." Chambers' Book of Days. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jun 2012</div>
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"<a href="http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas/" target="_blank">Michaelmas</a>." Historic UK. Historic UK , 2012. Web. 19 Jun 2012</div>
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Broomfield, Andrea. Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.</div>
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"<a href="http://www.fisheaters.com/customstimeafterpentecost10.html" target="_blank">Feast of St. Michael (Michaelmas)</a>." fisheaters.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jun 2012. </div>
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"Trinity Season." <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=r0pGAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP6&lpg=PP6&dq=trinity+season+harper%27s+magazine+1869&source=bl&ots=nywPk3PXuX&sig=rHK9r4Fzwa4C2LHNU8WQWTxQ7Zs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e48qUPfDF-KbyQGX-YGgCw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=trinity%20season%20harper%27s%20magazine%201869&f=false" target="_blank">Harper's Magazine</a>. 1869: 70-71. Print.</div>
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Melton, Gordon. Religious Celebrations. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2011. 579-580.<br />
Garrett Mattingly, . "<a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/20176/armada.htm" target="_blank">Defeat of the Spanish Armanda</a>." Oracle think quest. Oracle, 2004. Web. 19 Jun 2012, </div>
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Ban Breathnach, Sarah. "<a href="http://www.simpleabundance.com/michael.html" target="_blank">Michaelmas</a>." simpleabundance. N.p., 2001. Web. 19 Jun 2012.<br />
"<a href="http://www.agecrofthall.org/newsletter/content/view/70/27/" target="_blank">MICHAELMAS: YOUR GOOSE IS COOKED</a>." Agecroft Hall. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jun 2012. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-50560742912836386172012-06-29T06:45:00.001-07:002017-10-08T15:18:42.596-07:00Rules of the Road<div style="text-align: center;">
a poem by Henry Erskine<br />
<i style="color: #a64d79;">The rule of the road is a paradox quite,</i></div>
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<i>If you drive with whip or a thong,</i></div>
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<i>you are sure to be right,</i></div>
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<i>If you go to the right you are wrong.</i></div>
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In 1300 A.D. Pope Boniface VII issued the first traffic ordinance when he instructed pilgrims on the way to Rome to keep to the left side of the road. By then, the custom of riding on the left was well established in Europe. (Old Roman roads excavated in England are rutted on the left.) </div>
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Most men were right-handed and wore their swords on the left hip. Riding on the left side of the road allowed them to respond more efficiently to threats from passersby. And with a scabbard bouncing on the left hip, the most comfortable way to mount and dismount was on the horse's left side. Furthermore, if a rider had to dismount on the road, doing so away from traffic was safest.</div>
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By 1771, one thousand hackney coaches traversed the narrow streets of London. By 1815, one and a half million people called that city home--most of them pedestrians. As the population and street traffic grew, accidents became the norm. Something had to be done to regulate the chaos.</div>
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Parliament passed a law in 1756 directing traffic on London Bridge to keep left. In 1771-72, it applied the rule to Scotland and added a fine of 20 shillings for disobedience. Lancashire passed a law on August 6, 1795 stipulating that carriages keep left.</div>
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Meanwhile, across the pond, Americans were also driving on the left side of the road. That changed with the Revolution. In 1792, Pennsylvania passed a law directing traffic on its turnpike to keep right. New York followed in 1804 and New Jersey in 1813. Canada was a mix of right and left hand driving according to province until the 1920s.</div>
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In 1794, France changed from left to right hand travel. Until then, the carriages of aristocrats bore left, while peasant foot traffic kept to the right. After the Bastille, that changed. Napoleon imposed the right hand rule on every country he conquered.</div>
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As for Britain, Parliament codified the "keep left" rule in 1835 and applied to all its colonies. Many of them--like India and Australia--still drive on the left side of the road.</div>
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Resources:</h2>
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<i>Carriers by Land,</i> <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=X3QyAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=a+practical+and+elemental+abridgement+of+the+cases+argued+and+determined+in+the+courts+of+king%27s+bench&source=bl&ots=-Q6y_7qW1p&sig=IYNfT1u4HQsWodXC0U65Oc7nAZA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=I6vtT_OKBJOk8ASp-_D_AQ&ved=0CEwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">A Practical and Elementary Abridgement of the Cases Argued and Determined in the Courts of King's Bench </a></div>
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<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Z2jliqQdUGkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=treatise+on+the+law+of+highways&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QKztT7u_BoOi9QTpqcCWDQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=treatise%20on%20the%20law%20of%20highways&f=false" target="_blank">Treatise on the Law of Highway</a>s (US); 1857</div>
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<i>Laissez-faire and Government Interference</i>, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=MUgoAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Addresses+on+Educational+and+Economical+Subjects&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2KztT7xsgfjyBNjZiIIC&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=traffic&f=false" target="_blank">Addresses on Educational and Economical Subjects</a>; p. 67-68</div>
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<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=I2fNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1&dq=The+Development+of+Transportation+in+Modern+England+Vol.+I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tK3tT6b3IZKs8QTQwI2AAg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Development%20of%20Transportation%20in%20Modern%20England%20Vol.%20I&f=false" target="_blank">The Development of Transportation in Modern England, Vol. I</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amphicars.com/acleft.htm" target="_blank">Why do the English drive on the "wrong" side of the road?</a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic#Canada" target="_blank">History of driving in Canada</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/driving-on-the-left/" target="_blank">Why do some countries drive on the right and others on the left?</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-62527194569829607382012-05-22T08:15:00.000-07:002017-07-16T11:46:29.407-07:00The Art of the Calling Card<div style="text-align: right;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The calling card was an essential social tool during the Regency. As soon as a lady arrived in town, or prepared to leave it, she dropped off a card at the homes of her acquaintances to let them know. Cards were placed on a silver salver and presented to the mistress of the house who then decided whether she was "at home" to the caller.</span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tnGw2og82to/T7uedgzuESI/AAAAAAAAAlc/sV6olRPmEH8/s1600/lady%27s+calling+card.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> A turned down corner indicated the card had been delivered in person. Sometimes abbreviated messages were penciled on them in French. For example, "p.f." meant congratulations (<i>pour feliciter</i>) "p.r." (pour <i>remercier</i>) was a thank you and "p.p.c" (<i>pour prendre conge</i>) notified the recipient that the caller was leaving town. Or the card holder had each corner on the reverse side printed with the words<i> visite, felicitation, affaires</i> and <i>adieu</i>. The pertinent corner was then turned down on the front side to let the recipient know the purpose of the call.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A lady's calling card was roughly 2 x 3 inches, smaller than a gentleman's. It was carried in a card case like the one below.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Historical and classical motifs were popular on calling cards in the 18th century (see Mr. Chase's card). But by the 19th century plain cards with just the sender's name and title were popular. However, special attention was given to typeface.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Resources:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zdcxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA804&dq=morning+and+evening+calls+gaskell%27s+compendium&hl=en&sa=X&ei=05W7T8e7CeGQsALeppWMDA&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Morning and Evening Calls</a>, Gaskell's Compendium of Forms</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HhAYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA73&dq=cards+and+visits+etiquette+in+society+emily+post&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SZa7T4jWKKvKsQKKxpGLDA&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Cards and Visits</a>, Etiquette in Society by Emily Post </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.janeausten.co.uk/paying-social-calls/" target="_blank">Paying Social Calls</a>, The Jane Austen Centre</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.literary-liaisons.com/article026.html" target="_blank">Calling Cards and the Etiquette of Paying Calls</a>, by Michelle Hoppe</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.thebookofdays.com/months/june/5.htm" target="_blank">Visiting Cards of the 18th Century</a>, Chambers' Book of Days 1869</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.mrsbeeton.com/01-chapter1.html" target="_blank">#27 After Luncheon, Morning Calls and Visits</a>; Chapter 1: Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management; items 27-32</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2007/05/21/the-etiquette-of-using-calling-cards/" target="_blank">The Etiquette of Using Calling Cards</a>, Jane Austen's World; May 21, 2007</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://artofmanliness.com/2008/09/07/the-gentlemans-guide-to-the-calling-card/" target="_blank">The Gentleman's Guide to the Calling Card</a>, The Art of Manliness</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.antique67.com/articles.php?article=112" target="_blank">Calling Card Cases</a> by Marni Andrews </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-319340950164971472012-05-08T06:12:00.000-07:002014-12-18T08:12:46.091-08:00The Cork RumpThis blog is a repost of the one I wrote for Joan Lane's<i> All Dressed Up </i>at <i><a href="http://jplanewrites.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">http://jplanewrites.blogspot.com/2012/05/cork-rump.html</a></i><br />
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In the first decade of the Georgian Era, bell-shaped skirts were all the rage. This silhouette was accomplished with hoops of whalebone or wood that were tied together in a cage around the waist. By mid-18th Century oblong or fan hoops called <i>panniers</i> (French for basket) spread a lady's skirts out at the sides. Proponents claimed this style made for ease of walking and kept importunate gentlemen at a distance. As always, however, such fashion came at a price; women were forced to turn sideways when they passed through doorways, and climbing into a coach was logistical nightmare. So in the last quarter of the century, the emphasis shifted from the hips to the rump.</div>
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Pads filled with fabric or cork were tied at the waist and draped over the <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">derrière</span>, poofing the skirt in the back. Cartoonists were quick to lambast this new "bum roll" or "cork rump" trend. (See the above 1787 print by S.F. Fores called <i>A Milliner's Shop</i>. A bum roll is hanging on the wall to the right of the mirror.) Typical of <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the ridicule was this print by Matthew
Darly from 1777 entitled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chloe’s Cushion
or The Cork Rump</i>. (Notice the puppy perched on the back!) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Satirists like
Peter Pindar composed poems about the style. In 1815 he published <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Cork Rump, or Queen and Maids of Honour</i>.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>He’d already offered a backhanded
criticism of the fashion when he extolled the virtues of the common maid in his
1794 poem, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Louisad</i>:</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“With Nature’s
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“And scorns the
pride of pinching stays and jumps;</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“But, pleas’d
from whalebone prisons to escape,</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“She trusts to
simple nature for a shape…” </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cork
rumps were a popular subject in newspapers and broadsheets as well. One
gentleman observed in the December 16, 1776 issue of <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=I7ARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA241&dq=the+weekly+miscellany+december+16,+1776&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Jl2VT7mlJ-ih2QXq4PyMBQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20weekly%20miscellany%20december%2016%2C%201776&f=false" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Weekly</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Miscellany</i></a>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “A
most ingenious author has made it a question, whether a man marrying a
woman…may not lawfully sue for divorce on the grounds that she is not the same
person? What with the enormous false head-dress—painting—and this newfangled
cork substitute—it would be almost impossible for a man to know his bride the
morning of his nuptials. If the ladies look on this invention as an ornament to
their symmetry, I will engage they shall be excelled by almost any Dutch
market-woman or fat landlady in this kingdom.”</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> There
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proponents of the three candidates standing for Parliament. The Guards were
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wigs, several were “deprived of their eye-brows” and one woman had her cork
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> But
perhaps no story was more outrageous than the one which appeared on October 4, 1785
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Morning Post</i>. A lady
reportedly fell into the Thames and was saved from drowning by—you guessed it—her
cork rump. (You can read the entire article at<a href="http://chasbaz.posterous.com/the-cork-rump-as-a-life-preserver" target="_blank"> Prinny's Taylor</a>.) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Eventually,
the cork rump faded in popularity, replaced by the Grecian silhouette and
empire gowns of the Regency. (Check out <a href="http://twonerdyhistorygirls.blogspot.com/2012/04/those-bumless-beauties-1788.html" target="_blank">Two Nerdy History Girls</a> for their blog
about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Those Bumless Beauties, 1788</i>.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> But
as the saying goes, you can’t keep a good thing down. The exaggerated tush returned
mid-19<sup>th</sup> Century in the form of the Victorian bustle.</span></div>
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<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xi8iAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:X1F88yD-YAEC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=d1uVT8rOKsqK2gX52cX5BA&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=cork%20rump&f=false" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Works of Peter Pindar Esq. Vol I</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">; The Louisiad
Canto II; London;1794; p.252</span></div>
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the Year 1776; London, p.650</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-39169989270456606662011-12-01T05:28:00.001-08:002014-12-18T08:13:22.979-08:00'Tis the Season<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: arial;">It's that time of year again! To celebrate, I've gathered all my articles about Regency Christmas. I hope you enjoy reading them</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> as much as I've enjoyed researching and writing them over the years.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><br /><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2008/12/regency-christmas-tradtions-origins-of.html" style="font-weight: bold;">The Origins of Christmas</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2008/12/dec-6th-st-nicholas-day.html" style="font-weight: bold;">St. Nicholas Day</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2008/12/father-christmas.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Father Christmas</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2008/12/sacred-evergreens.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Sacred Evergreens</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2008/12/decking-halls.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Decking the Halls</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2008/12/christmas-frivolity.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Christmas Frivolity</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2008/12/christmas-feast.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Christmas Feast</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2008/12/christmas-music.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Christmas M</a><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2008/12/christmas-music.html" style="font-weight: bold;">usic</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2008/12/christmas-gift-giving.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Christmas Gift-Giving</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2009/12/merry-christmas-verses-happy-christmas.html" style="font-weight: bold;">Merry Christmas versus</a><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2009/12/merry-christmas-verses-happy-christmas.html" style="font-weight: bold;"> Happy Christmas</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.com/2010/12/german-christmas-tree.html" style="font-weight: bold;">The German Christmas Tree</a></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">A special thanks to all of you for your continued support and encouragement. I wish each of you a merry Christmas and all the best in the coming year.</span></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-62728339741389156512011-07-30T06:53:00.000-07:002017-10-08T15:34:44.218-07:00Swan Upping on the Thames<div style="text-align: justify;">
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For five days during the month of
July, a census is conducted of the mute swans on the River Thames. The
flotilla plies the river to count swans and tag cygnets. July is the
chosen time for "swan upping" because adult swans are in molt and
cygnets are too young to fly, making the birds easier to "drive up" or
catch.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The
Queen's swan warden oversees this operation. When the birds are spotted,
the cry "All up!" is given and rowboats surround the birds. Gradually
the swans are nudged toward the riverbank where boatmen jump out and
catch them. Each bird is examined for signs of injury or sickness,
weighed, measured and tagged, then released back to the river.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">History</span><br />
Mute
swans are believed to have been brought to England in the 12th Century.
The first written record of royal ownership is 1186 A.D. At that time,
swans were a gastronomic delicacy. In 1251, Henry III's Christmas
banquet required one hundred twenty five of them.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The
first royal swan master was appointed in 1361 A.D. The Act of Swan in
1482 A.D. allowed certain landowners to own them as well, but required
each owner pay five marks for the privilege. The landowner cut a unique
mark in the bill of his swans. (Click on swan mark image for larger
view.) At the height of swan popularity in the 16th Century, nine hundred people were granted "swan marks."</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
If convicted of illegal possession or killing of a swan, a person was sentenced to seven years hard labor, or transported.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Only
three entities currently are allowed to own mute swans -- the
Worshipful Company of Vintners, the Worshipful Company of Dyers, and
Queen Elizabeth II. These Livery Companies were granted royal charters
in the 15th Century. Vintners used to mark their swans with a nick on
each side of the beak. The Dyers applied only one nick. Unmarked birds
were the property of the Crown. Today, the birds' legs are tagged with
identification bands -- the Vintners place a band on each leg, while the
Dyers place a band on one leg. The Queen's birds are left untagged.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Livery Companies</span><br />
There
are currently one hundred eight Livery Companies registered in the City
of London. Formed as guilds, each regulated wages and labor conditions
of their particular trade, much as unions do now. Some continue to do
so, but most have evolved into charitable organizations.<br />
<br />
Like
so much in Britain, there's an order of precedence among the Livery
Companies. The two involved in swan upping are the Worshipful Company of
Vintners (11th in order of precedence and wearing scarlet shirts during
the upping) and the Worshipful Company of Dyers (13th in precedence and
wearing navy blue shirts during the upping.) Both Livery Companies date
from the 12th Century.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bell-Ringing Swans</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Built
in the early 13th Century, the moat around Bishop's Palace in Wells,
Somerset sports mute swans taught to pull a bell string for food. (Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stGckjlM2tU" target="_blank">here</a> to see a YouTube video of the bell-ringing swans.)</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Resources:</span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.royal.uk/search?tags%5B0%5D=swan%20upping" target="_blank">The Official Website of the British Monarchy: Swan Upping</a><br />
<a href="http://www.royalswan.co.uk/">The Queen's Swan Marker: Royal Swan Upping 2011</a><br />
<a href="http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/links/citycos.shtml">The City Livery Companies</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-71517286176259337472011-04-20T08:20:00.000-07:002017-07-16T11:24:41.134-07:00Queen Charlotte's Birthday Ball<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Once Easter was over, it was time for the <span style="font-style: italic;">ton</span> to begin straggling back to London from their estates. But not until the royal family returned did the Season officially begin. And the highlight for any young lady was her presentation at court. After she made her curtsy to the king and queen, she was considered "out" in society.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">George III is said to have inaugurated this custom in 1780 when he threw a ball to celebrate Queen Charlotte's birthday.</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> In her book, <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tX4PAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=old+court+customs+and+modern+rules+armytage&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMI5sbg0cDbyAIVjDMmCh0zsgZr#v=onepage&q=old%20court%20customs%20and%20modern%20rules%20armytage&f=false" target="_blank">Old Court Customs and Modern Rules</a>, the Hon. Mrs. Armytage wrote:<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">"It was a point of etiquette that the ladies and gentlemen who meant to attend the court on a birth-day should be presented to their Majesties at a previous levee; a day was se</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: italic;">ttled in the week for that purpose, and several foreigners of distinction, besides young-persons of fashion of both sexes, were presented..."</span>According to <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zf1EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=presentation+at+george+iii+court&hl=en&ei=EduuTdSKEcLl0QHe0YW6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=presentation%20at%20court&f=false">George III: His Court and His Family</a>, presentation at court,<span style="font-style: italic;"> "was then most particularly considered the sole introduction to high life..." </span>The Queen <span style="font-style: italic;">"had a powerful weapon to wield; and she wielded it to good purpose, by once proscribing from her society all females of bankrupt or even of ambiguous character--demireps as they were called; never admitting to her public or private parties any lady, however high in rank, if she had on the slightest degree forfeited her claims to general respect."</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">The young lady being presented required a sponsor, a woman of rank who had alread</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">y made her curtsy to the king and queen. Virginal white was the proscribed dress color, or pale</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> tones on a white background. The gown itself could be of popular design, but no matter what style</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> of dress, hoops and a feather in her headdress were <span style="font-style: italic;">de rigueur.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Typical was this description of the levee held before <a href="http://www.usbornefamilytree.com/charlottesbirthday.htm">Queen Charlotte's birthday ball in 1818</a>:<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">"Yesterday was the day appointed for the celebration of her Majesty's last birthday, and a drawing room was held accordingly...At one o'clock there was a salute of artillery in the Park and the Tower...An immense multitude of spectators were collected together in spite of the rain and cold. The court visitors were also very numerous; they began to arrive at one o'clock, and continued setting down till past three."</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Queen Charlotte's Birthday Ball quickly became an annual event to benefit the Lying-In Hospital at Bayswater. The hospital served pregnant women regardless of marital status. (Until then, maternity hospitals catered only to married women.) As the mother of fifteen, this was a cause close to the queen's heart. The hospital came under her patronage around 1790-1810 and was renamed in her honor in 1813.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Until her death, Queen Charlotte's birthday ball was held in January or February. Eventually, it moved to May--her actual birthday month--but it's unclear when. Certainly by the early 20th Century</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">. In 1958, Queen Elizabeth II ended the custom of debutantes making their curtsy to the queen because, as Princess Margret succinctly put it, "Every tart in London was getting in." That year, 1400 girls were presented over three days. (Factoid: the term <span style="font-style: italic;">debut </span>was used to describe this event during George III's reign, but referring to the young lady being presented as a<span style="font-style: italic;"> debutante</span> didn't come into vogue until 1837.) Queen Charlotte's Ball was abandoned in 1976 because of drug use and "louchness" -- improper dress and a lack of personal hygiene among attendees. It was revived in 2009.<br /><br />Resources:<a href="http://www.footnote.com/spotlight/1016/what_were_they_wearing_at_court_in/"></a><a href="http://www.likesbooks.com/court.html"></a><br /><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=b2kBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA171&dq=queen+charlotte%27s+birthday+ball+st.+james+palace&hl=en&ei=jIecTYbIGc22tgfLo5HQBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q&f=false">Memoirs of Her Late Majesty, Charlotte, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland by W. C. Oulton; 1819</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1034201/?page=1">Notes on the Foundation of Queen Charlotte's Hospital</a><a href="http://www.georgianlondon.com/the-london-season-and-a-curious-advertisement"></a><br /><a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41842">The London Season in 1841</a><br /><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1581822/Recalling-the-lost-era-of-the-debutantes.html">Recalling the Lost Era of Debutantes</a><br /><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/high-society-whatever-happened-to-the-last-of-the-debs-417273.html">High Society: Whatever Happened to the Debs?</a><br /><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8255039.stm">Come on Out, Girls</a><a href="http://intrinsicallyflorrie.blogspot.com/2010/10/debutantes-of-2010-backstage-at-queen.html"><br /></a></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-21002535385324497302011-02-02T08:29:00.001-08:002018-07-01T06:02:09.244-07:00The Devil's Hoof Prints<br />
<span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Technically, this story falls outside the Regency period, but I found it too irresistible!)</span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On February 9, 1855, folks in villages throughout south Devon awoke to find strange hoof prints in the snow. The prints were said to resemble those of a donkey, and they wandered single-file through the countryside for about a hundred miles. This was no ordinary trail, however. The marks leaped walls, stopped dead on one side of a haystack only to resume on the other side (the hay was undisturbed). They crossed roofs, appeared to enter and exit a drain pipe, and disappeared abruptly through small holes in hedges. But what most frightened people from Topsham to Dawlish was evidence the prints approached the front doors of many homes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
In a Feb 16<sup>th</sup> article, <a href="http://www.spartechsoftware.com/dimensions/creatures/DevilsFootprints.htm"><span style="font-style: italic;">The London Times</span></a> claimed locals believed they were the hoof prints of Satan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Villagers tried to follow the trail or trails, but after a few miles gave up. So the source or end never was identified. Tracings of the prints were sent to the naturalist, Richard Owen, who responded in a March 4, 1855 <span style="font-style: italic;">Illustrated London News </span>(Vol 26, p. 214) article. He claimed they’d been created by a badger. (See "Document 11" of Mike Dash's <a href="http://www.mikedash.com/assets/files/Devil%27s%20Hoofmarks.pdf"><span style="font-style: italic;">The Devil's Hoofmarks.)</span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Over the following weeks and months, other creatures were blamed for the mysterious trail. Nevertheless, the conviction persisted that the Devil walked in Devon.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
And it appears he returned one hundred fifty four years later, almost to the day.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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</div>
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On March 5, 2009, seventy-six year old Jill Wade found prints in her back garden in Woolsery, Devon. They seem to match the description of those discovered in 1855. Zoologists investigated, but other than postulating they’d been created by a hare hopping on its hind legs, nothing definitive has been determined.</div>
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And so the mystery persists.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 130%;">Resources:</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1161765/Ancient-mystery-returns-Satans-hoofprints-spotted-Devon-garden.html">Ancient mystery returns as ‘Satan’s hoofprints’ are spotted in Devon back garden</a>; Mail Online, March 16, 2009</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-37162479526456160662010-12-01T05:42:00.000-08:002014-12-18T08:14:39.592-08:00The German Christmas Tree<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">Introduction of the German Christmas tree to the English court is generally attribu</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">t</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">e</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">d to</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"> Queen Victoria. But it was around from at least the early 1700s. In a footnote on p.75 of <span style="font-style: italic;">The Loseley Manuscripts</span>, the editor wrote</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">:</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">We remember a German of the household of the late Queen Caroline, making what he</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> termed a Christmas tree for the juvenile party at that festive season. The tree was a branch of some evergreen fastened on a board. Its boughs bent under the weight of gilt oranges,</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> almonds, &c. and under it was a neat model of a farmhouse, surrounded by figures of animals, &c. and all due accompaniments. The forming Christmas trees is, we believe, a common custom in Germany: evidently a remain of the pageants constructed at that season in </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ancient days.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #993399; font-size: 78%; font-weight: bold;">Note: The Queen Caroline referred to here is likely Caroline of Ansbach, wife of George II and queen from 1727-1737. Caroline of Brunswick was married to the Prince of Wales in 1795 (George IV) and was queen from January 1820 until her death in August, 1821. However, she was estranged from her husband and lived abroad from 1814 until she died.</span></span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:word11kerningpairs/> <w:cachedcolbalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathpr> <m:mathfont val="Cambria Math"> <m:brkbin val="before"> 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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">Charlotte Papendiek, assistant wardrobe keeper and reader to Queen Charlotte (George III) observed in her 1789 journal:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">This Christmas Mr. Papendiek proposed an illuminated tree, according to the German Fashion, but...I objected to it. Our eldest daughter, Charlotte, being only six the 30th of this November, I thought our childre</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">n too young to be amused at so much expense and trouble. Mr. Papendiek was vexed--yet I do hope and trust the children were made happy.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">In his <span style="font-style: italic;">Memoirs of Her Most Excellent Majesty, Sophia-Charlotte, Queen of Great Britain</span>, John Watkins observed that at the beginning of October,1800:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">...the royal fami</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ly left the coast for Windsor, where Her Majesty kept the Christmas-day following in a very plea</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">sing manner. Sixty poor families had a substantial dinner given them; and in the evening the chil</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">dren of the principal families in the neighbourhood were invited to an entertainment at the Lodge. Here, among other amusing objects for the gratification of the juvenile visitors, in the middle of the room stood an immense tub with a yew-tree place in it, from the branches of which hung bunches of sweetmeats, almonds, and raisins, in papers, fruits, and toys, most tastefully arranged, and the whole illuminated by small wax candles. After the company had walked around and admired the tree, each child obtained a portion of the sweets which it bore, together with a toy, and then all returned home quite delighted.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">Amelia Murray wrote in he</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">r recollections of her mother, Lady Anne Murray (lady-in-waiting to Queen Charlotte, and later, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria):</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Christmas-trees are now common. In the early part of this century they were seldom seen, but Queen Charlotte always had one dressed up in the room of Madame Berkendorff her German attendant; it was hung with presents for the children, who were invited to see it, and I well remember the pleasure it was to hunt for one's own name, which was sure to be attached to one or more of the pretty gifts</span>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">Georgina Townsend, housekeeper at Windsor Castle for 35 years (she died in 183</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">5 at the age of 75) wrote that Queen Charlotte:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">The Queen ent</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ertained the children here, Christmas Evening, in German fashion, A fir tree, about as hig</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">h as an</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">y of us, lighted all over with small tapers, several little wax dolls among the branches in diff</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">erent</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> places, and strings of walnuts and raisins alternately tied from one to the other, with skipping ropes for the boys, and each bigger girl had muslin for a frock, a muslin handkerchief, a fan, and a sash, all prettily done up in the handkerchief, and a pretty necklace and earrings</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> besides. As soon as all the things were delivered by the Queen and Princesses, the candles on the tree were put out, and the children set to work to help themselves.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">Years before she m</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">arried her beloved Prince Albert, 13-year old Princess Victoria wrote in her diary on Christmas Eve, 1832:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;">After dinner we went upstairs. I then saw Flora, the dog which Sir John was going to give Mamma. Aunt Sophia came also. We then went into the drawing-room near the dining-room. After Mamma had rung a bell three times we went in. There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees with lights and sugar ornaments. All the presents being placed round the tree. I had one table for myself and the Conroy family had the other.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">Resources:</span><br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hGoNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA75&dq=we+remember+a+german+of+the+house+of+the+late+Queen+Caroline&hl=en&ei=mynxTLWgKtX_nAeQ5IDLCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Loseley Manuscripts, edited by Alfred John Kempe; 1836: footnote p. 75</a><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><b></b></span></span></b> <b></b> <br />
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<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Dy9rZcVktw4C&pg=PA158&dq=queen+charlotte+christmas+tree&hl=en&ei=P_PwTJ3SA8KinAe_0tD7Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank"><span class="gtxtbody">Court and Private Life in the Time of Queen Charlotte, Vol. 2; </span><span class="addmd">By Charlotte Louise Henrietta Papendiek; 1887; p.</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA467&dq=Memoirs+of+her+most+excellent+Majesty+SophiaCharlotte,+Queen+of+Great+Britain&id=X9NCAAAAIAAJ&ots=uSsLCbFwb8#v=onepage&q=christmas&f=false">Memoirs of Her Most Excellent Majesty, Sophia-Charlotte, Queen of Great Britain, by John Watkins; 1819; p.463</a></div>
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<span class="gtxtbody"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=fSQ6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA61&dq=Recollections+amelia+murray+christmas+tree&hl=en&ei=Ne3wTL7_BdLSngejqKywCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Recollections: 1803-1837,by Amelia Murray; published 1869 p.61</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=o3aTsouq48MC&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=housekeeper+windsor+castle+queen+charlotte&source=bl&ots=31v49HgvQi&sig=ulZBWWys92U5dEFthAg8mz0dLdc&hl=en&ei=oRLxTMn2Icalnwfjl8yICg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=housekeeper%20windsor%20castle%20queen%20charlotte&f=false" target="_blank">Queen Victoria: A Personal History by Christopher Hibbert, Da Capo Press;2000; footnote on p. 158</a></div>
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<span class="gtxtbody"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4hzvAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+girlhood+of+queen+victoria&source=bl&ots=kpvzSdpfIt&sig=ucZAFdIkVIh3CMSHgEz-t6HijfI&hl=en&ei=DRfxTIYgx4OeB9HwgcYK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=christmas&f=false" target="_blank">The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: a selection from her Majesty’s diaries Vol 1, published 1912; p. 61</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b> </b></span> <span style="font-family: courier new; font-size: 100%;"><b> </b></span> <span style="color: black; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;"><b></b></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-45710504981971960042010-10-13T07:12:00.000-07:002015-10-28T08:11:57.827-07:00Celebrating Horniness<br />
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October 18th is St. Luke’s Day. Legend has it that, on this date sometime during the 12<sup>th</sup> century, King John passed through the village of Charlton near Greenwich while hunting. He stopped at a mill to rest and was captivated by the absent miller's beautiful wife. When the husband returned unexpectedly and caught the two dallying, he threatened to kill them. King John made a bargain: in exchange for their lives, he granted the man ownership of the land between Charlton and the bend in the Thames at Rotherhithe. With it came the right to hold a fair at Charlton every St. Luke’s Day. </div>
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So how did the festival become associated with horns?</div>
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St. Luke is represented by the horned ox. 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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]-->Furthermore, from the mid-15<sup>th</sup> century onward, horns had a sexual connotation, most likely a reference to stags in rut. 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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> (The word <span style="font-style: italic;">cuckold</span> derives from the Old French word for the cuckoo, <span style="font-style: italic;">cucu</span>. Cuckoos lay their eggs in other birds’ nests.)</div>
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The bend in the river at Rotherhithe was known as Cuckold's Point. A pole with ram's horns atop it stood there until at least the late 17th century. On St. Luke's Day, revelers sporting antlers and blowing on ram's horns would gather at the Point and riotously make their way to Charlton.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:word11kerningpairs/> <w:cachedcolbalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathpr> <m:mathfont val="Cambria Math"> 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<br />
Daniel Defoe described the Horn Fair as a yearly collection of mad people. <span style="font-style: italic;">“[T]he mob…take all kinds of liberties, and the women are emin</span><span style="font-style: italic;">ently impudent…as if it were a time that justified the giving themselves a loose to all manner of ind</span><span style="font-style: italic;">ecency without any reproach…” </span><br />
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Harper's New Magazine reported in 1888:<span style="font-style: italic;"> "While </span><span class="gstxt_hlt" style="font-style: italic;">Horn Fair </span><span style="font-style: italic;">is not so famous in literature as is Mayfair or the </span><span class="gstxt_hlt" style="font-style: italic;">Fair </span><span style="font-style: italic;">of St. Bartholomew, it is worthy of a place in profane history on account of its noise, drunkenness, ribaldry, and riot. Nothing was sold at </span><span class="gstxt_hlt" style="font-style: italic;">Horn Fair </span><span style="font-style: italic;">but horns and things made of </span><span class="gstxt_hlt" style="font-style: italic;">horn, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">unless it were gingerbread as tough as </span><span class="gstxt_hlt" style="font-style: italic;">horn, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">and the worst strong drink that was ever brewed or distilled, or ever quailed from </span><span class="gstxt_hlt" style="font-style: italic;">horn. </span><span style="font-style: italic;">It was frequented by a most motley crew; rabble from tho East End of London and fro</span><span style="font-style: italic;">m the City proper; men and women in smock-frocks and </span><span class="gstxt_hlt" style="font-style: italic;">new </span><span style="font-style: italic;">white caps from the country round about, who came to drink the lusty, lusty </span><span class="gstxt_hlt" style="font-style: italic;">horn, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">and to dance and gape and brawl and fight; with a liberal smattering of belles and gallants from Westminster, who had a passion in those days for riot, no matter how rough and unrefined it might be.</span>"<br />
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Many believe the festival actually is rooted in Celtic tradition. Whatever its lascivious origins, the event was stopped by the Greenwich Council in 1873. One hundred years later, it was revived as a family event that is now held in June.</div>
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Resources:<br />
<a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=53782">Charlton</a><br />
<a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45271">Rotherhithe</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckold%27s_Point">Cuckold's Point</a><br />
<a href="http://www.fantompowa.net/Flame/the_horn_fair.htm">The Horn Fair of London: London's First Carnival?</a><br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?output=text&id=jEA9AAAAYAAJ&q=horn+fair#v=snippet&q=horn%20fair&f=false">Harper's New Magazine</a>, Vol. 77; 1888; p.990<br />
<a href="http://www.elfinspell.com/HentznerModern.html">Travels in England</a>, by Paul Hentzner<br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=URAHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA130&dq=daniel+defoe+charlton&hl=en&ei=h7a1TKXfLc_vngexmrSADQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">A Tour Through the Island of Britain Vol. 1</a>, by Daniel Defoe; 1762; p.129-131<br />
<a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-60721189/stock-photo-a-man-hand-making-the-sign-of-the-horns-over-the-sky.html">The sign of the cuckold</a><br />
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PZESAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA20&dq=mother+bunch%27s+closet+newly+broken+open&hl=en&ei=F7i1TMfGN9CinQfCjrGADQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=st.%20luke&f=false"></a><a href="http://853blog.wordpress.com/2009/06/29/charltons-horn-fair-parade-revived/">Charlton's Horn Fair Parade Revived</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-63275281054345486452010-05-31T11:12:00.000-07:002017-07-16T11:31:51.383-07:00Shoes in the Wall<div style="text-align: justify;">
One of the more unusual customs I’ve run across is the placing of worn shoes in the walls of buildings when they are constructed. Concealed shoes have been found in churches, cottages, manor houses, public buildings and castles. The Romans likely brought the custom to Britain. Food and drink sacrifices (and sometimes more gruesome offerings) were buried in the foundations of their own buildings.</div>
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In Britain, worn shoes have been discovered walled up over windows, doors, or in chimneys, but also in staircases and under floorboards. The oldest known concealed shoe was found in the wall of Winchester Cathedral’s choirstalls. It was put there in 1308. Recently a cache of shoes from the 17th-19th century was discovered in the walls of Liedberg Castle in Germany.<br />
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Shoes are a symbols of good luck. (Think of the old bridal poem, “something old, something new…and a silver six pence in her shoe.”) To put them near windows and doors indicates they were meant to prevent evil from coming inside.</div>
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The notion of shoes as protectors dates to the 14th century when John Schorn, rector of North Marston, Buckinghamshire is purported to have cast the devil into a boot.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Curse of the Slippers of Papillion Hall</span></div>
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In the early 18th century, David Papillon kept his Spanish mistress a virtual prisoner in the east attic of Papillon Hall in Leicestershire. She died mysteriously, and her date of death and place of burial went unrecorded.<br />
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In 1903, during a renovation of the attic, the skeleton of a woman was found in the walls. Believed to be the bones of that long ago Spanish mistress, the story goes that her former lover murdered her because she was a witch but that, before she died, she evoked a curse. If her slippers ever were removed from the property, ill fortune would befall the owner.<br />
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Each time the Hall was sold, the lady's slippers were given to the new owner. There were a few times, however, when this custom wasn't followed--with disastrous results. (To read more about the curse, and to learn the whereabouts of the slippers today, click on the link below.)<br />
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This story dovetails with the commonly held belief that bad luck will follow if a concealed shoe is removed from its resting place during renovations. Homeowners should either place them back when repairs are completed, or substitute another shoe.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">Resources:</span><br />
<a href="http://www.harboroughmuseum.org.uk/museum-collections/brocade-slippers-of-papillion-hall/" target="_blank">Brocade Shoes of Papillon Hall</a><br />
<a href="https://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC29M7F_the-curse-of-papillon-hall-the-final" target="_blank">The Curse of Papillon Hall -- the final</a><br />
<a href="https://peopledetective.co.uk/2016/02/10/the-cursed-shoes-of-papillon-hall/" target="_blank">The Cutrsed Shoes of Papillon Hall</a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-66776465208783910222010-01-27T07:19:00.000-08:002014-12-18T08:16:11.931-08:00Wilt thou be mine, Love--aye or no?<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">In 1819, the poet Charles Lamb wrote of February 14th: </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">[T]his is the day upon which those charming little missives, ycleped Valentines, cross and intercross each other at every street and turning. The weary and all for-spent twopenny postman sinks beneath a load of delicate embarrassments, not his own. It is scarcely credible to what an extent this ephemeral courtship is carried </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">on…to the great enrichment of porters, and detriment of knockers and bell-wires.</span>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PO4Dfzdy1d8/S2LvAKmLRtI/AAAAAAAAAY8/37DpbwGSPVY/s1600-h/Paston+1477+valentine.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PO4Dfzdy1d8/S2LvAKmLRtI/AAAAAAAAAY8/37DpbwGSPVY/s320/Paston+1477+valentine.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5432166886685755090" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 300px;" /></a>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">Lamb was speaking of a custom that dates to</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"> at least the 15th century. </span>The oldest known valentine written in English was discovere<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">d among the Paston Letters in the British Library. Margery Brews penned it to her fiancé John Paston in 1477:</span>
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<i><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">Right reverent and worshipful and my right well-beloved valentine, I recommend me unto you full heartedly, desiring to hear of your welfare, which I beseech Almighty God long for to preserve unto his pleasure and your hearts desire.</span></i>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">Prior to that discovery, the oldest valentines in British possession were tho</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">se of Charles, Duke of Orleans. Orleans wrote more than sixty to his wife in France over the course of his twenty-five year incarceration in the Tower of London following the Battle of Agincourt in 1415:</span>
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<span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Wilt thou be mine? dear Love, reply-- </span> <span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">
<br />Sweetly consent or else deny. </span> <span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">
<br />Whisper softly, none shall know, </span> <span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">
<br />Wilt thou be mine, Love?--aye or no? </span>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">Many examples of Victorian v</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">alentines have survived, but what did the earlier ones look like?</span>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">Usually</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> homemade, they</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> were hand-painted and decorated with lacy paper, ribbons, gold leaf, satins, silks and exotic feathers.</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> E</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">nterprisi</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">ng publishers too</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">k</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> advantage of the craze by printing chapbooks o</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">f verses. Publications like <span style="font-style: italic;">The New English Val</span></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">e</span></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ntine Write</span></span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">r</span> by J. Turner (1784), and <span style="font-style: italic;">Every Ladies Own Valentine Writer</span> by J. Roac</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">h (1797) addressed all levels of intimacy and even provided responses to their own poems.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">According to Mr. Lamb: </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">In these little visual in</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">terpretations, no emblem is so common as </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">the heart—that little three-cornered exponent of all our hopes and fears…it is twisted and tortured into more allegories and affectations th</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">an an opera hat." </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">Some were on the <span style="font-style: italic;">"finest gilt paper with borders--full not of common hearts and heartless </span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">allegory, but all the prettiest stories of love from Ovid and older poets...</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">In 1667, Dr. Samuel Pepys </span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;">wrote: </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">This morning, came up t</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">o my wife's bedside, I being up dressing myself, little Will Mercer to be her Valentine; and brought her name writ up</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">on blue paper in gold letters...</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;"> </span>Two days later, Pepys visited Mrs. Pearse and was given a valentine by her little girl. </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">But here I do first observe, </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">he wrote,</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> the fashion of drawing mottos as w</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">ell as names, so that Pearse, who drew m</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">y wife, did draw also a motto...'</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">Most courteous and fair'.</span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">..</span><br />
<span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">In her article for <span style="font-style: italic;">Cosmopolitan Magazine</span> in 1901, Millicent Olmsted </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">provides a glimpse at a particul</span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">ar style with which we all are familiar--the cut paper valentine. According to Ms. Olmsted, they were<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">fold</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;">ed</span> <span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;">an</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;">d delicately cut with saw-tooth edges, then opened and filled in with written sentiments. The one sho</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">w</span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">n</span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> here is very old, ragged, yellow and limp. It was sent to Permillia Wainright in New Jersey, and bear</span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">s </span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">o</span></span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">n t</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">he back of it her initials and the date, 1783.</span></span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> During the decades, the </span><span class="gstxt_hlt" style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">valentine </span><span style="color: #663366; font-family: times new roman; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">has fallen to tatters and has lost a narrow outer ring that bore the inscription: "Round is the ring that has no end.</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;"> So is my love to you, my friend."</span> </span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">(Olmsted goes on to describe a puzzle purse valentine from 1790. To see what it </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">looked like, click on<span style="font-style: italic;"> Nancy's Puzzle Purse Valentine</span> in the resource list below. The one Ms. Rosin shows from 1816 fits Olmsted's description. To read the verses, click the <span style="font-style: italic;">Boston Evening Transcrip</span>t link to <span style="font-style: italic;">Come Be My Valentine</span>, or refer to Olmsted's <span style="font-style: italic;">Cosmopolitan</span> article.)</span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">Other popular valentine designs:</span>
</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">acrostic</span> -- first letter of each verse spells a vertical word</span>
</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">pinprick</span> -- holes were pricked in a pattern with a needle or pin</span>
</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">stencil</span></span>
</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">rebus</span> -- pictures drawn to convey a word, like an eye for the word "I"</span>
</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;">loveknots</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">It seems odd that, in all Jane Austen's letters and stories, she never refers to Valentine's Day. Most Janeites believe Frank Churchill's gift of a pianoforte to Jane Fairfax in <span style="font-style: italic;">Emma</span> occurred on February 14th, but Austen doesn't say so. Perhaps her opinion of valentines more closely resembled that of Elizabeth Bennet in <span style="font-style: italic;">Pride & Prejudice</span>:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> </span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">"I wonder who first discovered the efficacy of poetry in driving away love!"</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">"I have been used to consider poetry as the </span><span style="color: #663366; font-weight: bold;">food</span><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> of love," said Darcy.</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">"Of a fine, stout, healthy love it may. Everything nourishes what is strong already. But if it be only a slight, thin sort of inclination, I am convinced that one good sonnet will starve it entirely away."</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="color: #663366; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span>
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mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;Resou</style><span style="font-weight: bold;">Resources:</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.angelfire.com/nv/mf/elia1/valentine.html" style="font-family: times new roman;">Valentine's Day</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Essays of Elia</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, Charles Lamb, 1819</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/642175.stm" style="font-family: times new roman;">Love's Labour Found</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">,</span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;"> BBC News</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, February 14, 2000</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/late/england/valentine.html" style="font-family: times new roman;">Two Letters from Margery Brews to John Paston in February 1477</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">The ORB:</span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">On-Lone Reference Book for Medieval Studies</span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.candicehern.com/collections/03/valentine.htm" style="font-family: times new roman;">Victorian Valentines: Part 1</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, Candice Hern, February 1,2003</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.origami-resource-center.com/valentine-puzzle-purses.html" style="font-family: times new roman;">Valentine Puzzle Purses</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, Origami Resource Center</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.victoriantreasury.com/library/2007-01_Puzzle_Purses/" style="font-family: times new roman;">Nancy's Puzzle Purse Valentine</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;"></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9MwLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA465&dq=samuel+pepys+valentine+will+mercer&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false" style="font-family: times new roman;">The Diary of Samuel Pepys</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">the Globe Edition with introduction and notes by G. Gregory. Smith</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, London 1905, MacMillan and Co. Ltd., p. 465</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://web.mit.edu/21h.418/www/nhausman/chap1.html" style="font-family: times new roman;">Chapbooks: Definition and Orgins</a></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.victorianamagazine.com/valentinesday/valentinewriter.htm" style="font-family: times new roman;">Valentine Writers</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Victoriana Magazine</span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=R5LNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA376&dq=valentine+writer&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=valentine%20writer&f=false" style="font-family: times new roman;">The Festival of Love</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;"> by Millicent Olmsted, </span></span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Cosmopolitan: A Monthly Illustrated Magazine</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, Vol. XXX; November 1900-April, 1901; Millicent Olmstead, p. 372-380</span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2249&dat=18990320&id=2gQ0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=FCMIAAAAIBAJ&pg=3061,2213415" style="font-family: times new roman;">"Come Be My Valentine</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">",<span style="font-style: italic;"> Boston Evening Transcript</span>, March 20, 1899</span></span>; p. 7
<br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6lgVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=pride+and+prejudice&lr=&client=firefox-a&cd=1#v=onepage&q=food%20of%20love&f=false" style="font-family: times new roman;">Pride and Prejudice</a><span style="font-family: times new roman;">, by Jane Austen, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1918; p.44</span></span>
</div>
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</style> <![endif]--> Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-66701545940117483702009-12-09T05:59:00.000-08:002014-12-18T08:16:55.319-08:00Merry Christmas versus Happy Christmas<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 100%;">I've always been intrigued why the British say "Happy Christmas" and we in the US say "Merry Christmas." An internet search revealed that, prior to the 1830s, “Merry Christmas” was the more popular salutation. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The term “Merry Christmas” dates to at least 1565, when it appeared in </span><i style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Hereford Municipal Manuscript: </span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><o:p></o:p></i></span> <br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i>And thus I comytt you to god, who send you a mery Christmas...</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">The phrase “Merry Christmas and Happy New Year” appeared in a 1699 letter from Admiral Frances Hosier to Robert Smith, a storekeeper at the Deptford dockyards in Woolrich, England. Charles Dickens’ <i>A Christmas Carol</i> solidified the phrase in 1843 when, at the end of the story, Ebenezer Scrooge wished Cratchet, “A merry Christmas, Bob!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">In terms of oral tradition, “Merry Christmas” was around in the 16<sup>th</sup> century West Country carol, “We wish you a merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">A little tougher to track is “Happy Christmas.” It isn’t an entirely British phrase, however. In 1823, New Yorker Clement Clark Moore wrote the classic Christmas poem, <i>A Visit From St. Nick/Twas the Night Before Christmas</i> which concludes with:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i>Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night</i></span><span style="font-size: 100%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">(It is interesting to note that, in some later editions, the phrase was changed to “Merry Christmas to all, and to all a good night.” For what reason, no one is sure.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">By the late 19<sup>th</sup> -- early 20<sup>th</sup> centuries, “Happy Christmas” had become the more popular phrase in England. Perhaps for the same reason Queen Elizabeth II prefers it. “Merry Christmas” implies drunkenness and a bubbling over of festivity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">The association of merriment with Christmas can be found as far back as Sir Thomas Elyot’s 1548 <i>Dictionary</i>:
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><i>.…as the vulgare people saie, Reste you mery.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">That sentiment is echoed in the Christmas carol, God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen,” first published in William Sandys’ <i>Christmas Carols Ancient and Modern </i>in 1833.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">The word “merry” didn’t start out associated with revelry. It derives from the Anglo-Saxon word <i>myrige </i>which meant pleasant and agreeable rather than jolly. Or perhaps Happy Christmas gained in popularity for the simple reason that greetings in general begin with the word “happy” – happy birthday, happy holiday, happy new year. To say “Happy Christmas and a Happy New Year” just doesn’t roll off the tongue quite like the other. But as a stand-alone phrase, "Happy Christmas" is consistent with long-standing salutatory customs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <div style="font-family: arial;">
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>The First Christmas Card<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">As the above image demonstrates, the first commercial Christmas card sported the phrase, “Merry Christmas and A Happy New Year.” It made its appearance the same year Dickens’ <i>A Christmas Carol </i>was published. Sir Henry Cole, a British civil servant who had no time to pen personal greetings to family and friends, commissioned the English painter, John C. Horsley to create the triptych card. One thousand of them were printed in black and white, then hand-colored. (Horsley’s card was based on the 18<sup>th</sup> century custom of schoolboys creating “Christmas pieces” for their families. This elaborately decorated stationery sported written messages that showcased the boys’ penmanship.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">But no matter which phrase you prefer—the one another Cole by the name of Nat so aptly crooned in 1946:
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Although it’s been said<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">many times, many ways,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Merry Christmas to you.”</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Or the great John Lennon sang in 1971:</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">And so happy Christmas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">we hope you have fun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">The near and the dear ones<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">The old and the young…</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Wishing you and yours all the best of the season. And God bless us, every one!</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-28102355818192248852009-10-30T05:46:00.001-07:002015-10-28T08:16:40.908-07:00Bonfire Bangers on Guy Fawkes Night<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Halloween is a collection of traditions that have come down from pagan harvest festivals with a layer of Christian icing spread over the top. The secular aspects of the holiday often are overlooked. Perhaps the most important is the Gunpowder Plot.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">When <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Elizabeth</st1:city></st1:place> I took the throne in 1533, England was wracked with religious upheaval. Her successor and sister, Mary, had attempted to reimpose Catholicism on their subjects. <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Eli</st1:place></st1:city><st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">zabeth</st1:place></st1:city></span> restored the Church of England but religious unrest continued to simmer for seventy years. It boiled over in 1605 when a dozen Catholic revolutionaries attempted to blow up King James I and his entire government.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Gunpowder Treason and Plot</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">The plan was simple—pack an abandoned coal cellar beneath <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Westminster</st1:place></st1:city> with t</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">h</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">irty-six barrels of gunpowder the opening day of Parliament, November 5, 1605. It was enough </span><span style="font-size: 100%;">to level nearby Westminster Abbey and most of the buildings in the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Old</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Palace</st1:placetype></st1:place> complex. Everyo</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">ne was scheduled to attend that day, including James I and members of the royal family. His children, however, would not be there. The conspirators planned to kidnap them and</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> set up nine year old Princess Elizabeth as their puppet queen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The man chosen to lay the charges and light the fuse was an explosives expert from York, Guy Fawkes. Fawkes had spent ten years fighting for the Catholic cause in the Dutch Revolt.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">On November 4<sup>th</sup> he took to the cellar beneath <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Westminster</st1:place></st1:city> and patiently awaited the dawn of what he believed would be a glorious Catholic coup.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Alerted to the plot by an anonymous letter, government officials searched <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Westminster</st1:place></st1:city> and the buildings around it. They found Fawkes in the cellar guarding what looked like a pile of iron bars, stones and timber. When questioned, he claimed to be the servant of the man in whose name the cellar had been rented.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">The officials went on with their search but came up empty-handed. Around midnight, they returned to Fawkes and discovered he had in his possession a tinder-box and a dark signal lantern. When they dug beneath the pile he guarded, they found the barrels of gunpowder.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Fawkes was taken to the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">To</st1:placetype></st1:place><st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">wer</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename st="on">London</st1:placename></st1:place> where a confession was tortured out of him. He eventually named his co-conspirators. They all were tried and executed in January, 1606.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Parliament subsequently decreed that parish churches conduct a thanksgiving service every November 5th. (The tradition lasted until 1859.) Given the association with gunpowder, as well as the closeness to the pagan fire festival of Samhain on November 1st, Guy Fawkes Night was soon marked with bonfires and fireworks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">During the week leading up to Bonfire Night, children constructed effigies of Guy Fawkes out of old straw-stuffed clothing. The effigies were then burned on the bonfire. Before the event, the children went around the community begging “a penny for the guy.” Money collected was spent on fireworks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">And what celebration could be complete without food? </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Bonfire Parkin</span><span style="font-size: 100%;">—a cake made of oatmeal, molasses and ginger, and </span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-style: italic;">Bonfire/Plot Toffee</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"> became popular Guy Fawkes Night treats. But no Fireworks Night party was complete without the Englishman’s favorite—bangers (sausages) and potatoes roasted in the bonfire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Today, every opening session of Parliament is preceded by a symbolic search of the basement by the Yeoman of the Guard. In 1834, fire damaged the actual cellar in which the gunpowder was discovered. The cellar was totally destroyed when <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Westminster</st1:place></st1:city> was rebuild in 1840.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Please remember the fifth of November</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Gunpowder treason and plot</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">I see no reason why gunpowder treason</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Should ever be forgot.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Guy, guy, guy</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Poke him in the eye</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">Put him on the bonfire</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 100%;">And there let him die.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-25681150060664089172009-07-13T09:10:00.000-07:002014-12-18T08:18:13.016-08:00Jane Austen: Sleeping with the Saints<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: arial;">July 15th is St. Swithin’s day, the patron saint of Winchester Cathedral. He was bishop there at the time of his death in 862 A.D. Swithin was dedicated to the building of churches and bridges and spent much of his time on construction sites, visiting with the workers and local residents. On his deathbed, he requested burial in the churchyard rather than a cathedral crypt so that his body <span style="font-style: italic;">“might be subject to the feet of passers-by and to the raindrops pouring from on high.” </span></span>
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<span style="font-family: arial;">St. Swithin earned his reputation as a weather saint </span><span style="font-family: arial;">when his body was moved to a shrine inside the Cathedral on July 15, 971 A.D. This “translation” is said to have been delayed by rain which continued for forty days, giving rise to the saying:</span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">St. Swithin’s day if thou does rain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">For forty days it will remain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">St. Swithin’s day if thou be fair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">For forty days will rain no more</span></div>
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<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CJoanna%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><o:smarttagtype name="Street" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="country-region" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="address" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/" name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype downloadurl="http://www.5iamas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="//img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} </style> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Swithin is also the patron saint of apple growers. Rain on <st1:place st="on">St.</st1:place> Swithin’s Day is said to be a blessing on the crop. Tradition states no apples should be picked or eaten before July 15<sup>th</sup><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on"></st1:place></st1:country-region>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;">Winchester Cathedral</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Many early Saxon kings and clergymen are buried in Winchester Cathedral. The Viking conqueror Canute and his wife Emma are there, along with William I, son of William the Conqueror. Izaak Walton lies in the Fishermen’s Chapel. But by far the m</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ost well-known is Jane Austen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">In May,1817, Ms. Austen was so ill she took up residence at <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">No. 8 College Street</st1:address></st1:street> in the city of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Winchester</st1:place></st1:city> so she could be near her doctor. She died in her sister Cassandra’s arms in the early hours of July 18, 1817. Her body was interred </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">in the Cathedral’s north aisle just before prayers on Ju</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ly 24<sup>th</sup>. Austen’s stone reads:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">In Memory of
<br />JANE AUSTEN,
<br />youngest daughter of the late
<br />Revd GEORGE AUSTEN,
<br />formerly Rector of Steventon in this County <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">She departed this Life on the 18th of July1817, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">aged 41, after a long illness supported with <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">the patience and hopes of a Christian.</span></div>
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<br /><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">The benevolence of her heart,
<br />the sweetness of her temper, and
<br />the extraordinary endowments of her mind <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">obtained the regard of all who knew her and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">the warmest love of her intimate connections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Their grief is in proportion to their affection <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">they know their loss to be irreparable,
<br />but in their deepest affliction they are consoled <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">by a firm though humble hope that her charity, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">devotion, faith and purity h</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">ave rendered
<br />her soul acceptable in the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">sight of her</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">REDEEME</span></i></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;">R</span></i></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Adjacent to her grave is a brass memorial plaqu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">e erec</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ted by her nephew, James Edward Austen-Leigh, from the proceeds of his <i>Memoir of Jan</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><i>e Austen.</i> The Jane Austen Society sees to it fresh flowers are place there every week.
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<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CJoanna%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><o:smarttagtype name="PlaceName" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="PlaceType" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/" name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="//img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p {mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} </style> </div>
--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jane Austen<o:p></o:p></span></span><div align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">known to many by her<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">writings, endeared to<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">her family by the<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">varied cha</span></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">rms of her<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Character, and ennobled<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">by Christian Faith<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">and Piety, was</span></span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> born<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">at Steventon in the<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on"><span style="font-family: Arial;">county</span></st1:placetype><span style="font-family: Arial;"> of <st1:placename st="on">Hants</st1:placename></span></st1:place><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Dec.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">xvi mdcclxxv and buried<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">in this Cathedral<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">July xxiv mdcccxvii<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">“She openth her<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">mouth with wisdom<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">and in her tongue is<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">the law of kindness.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Prob x</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 85%;">xxi xxvi</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">There is much speculation about why Ms. Austen wasn’t buried in Steventon or her beloved Chawton, but in Winchester Cathedral--an honor af</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">forded only the most important personages. Clearly, from the wording of her headstone, she'd not yet achieved notoriety as the great author we know her to be today. In a February 22, 2003 article for the Jane Austen Society of Australia (<a href="http://www.jasa.net.au/l&t/grave.htm"><span style="font-style: italic;">J</span><span style="font-style: italic;">ane Austen and Winchester Cathedral</span></a>), Paul Henning</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ham postulates she was interred there because anyone who died within the Cathedral Close had a right to be. (The “close” is the buildings attached or appended to a church. In this case, the Winchester Cathedral precinct wall ran along the north side of <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">College Street</st1:address></st1:street>.) Ms. Austen’s brother</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Henry had recently undergone his ordination exam and likely petitioned the Bishop. In addition, Jane’s friend Elizabeth Heathcote, (widow of the Rev. William Heathcote, a Cathedral Canon) also lobb</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ied to have her buried there.</span></div>
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Perhaps the reason they wanted Jane buried there was because her parents were married at "old" St. Swithin's in Bath in 1764, and her father was buried at "new" St. Swithin's in 1805. It must have seemed like Providence when she passed away under the auspices of St. Swithin in Winchester.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Ms. Austen was the last person interred in the Cathedral because of a rising water table.</span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-36948065830110499802009-06-28T07:55:00.000-07:002014-12-18T08:18:32.620-08:00Another Winning Historical from Sandra Sookoo<div style="text-align: justify;">
Today I am deviating from my normal posts about British customs and holidays to welcome romantic fiction writer, Sandra Sookoo. Sandi stopped by for a visit and I am thrilled, not only because she is a fellow historical author and <a href="http://www.classicromancerevival.com/blog/">Classic Romance Revival</a> member, but also a Hoosier!</div>
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Sandra’s portfolio includes historical, contemporary, and paranormal romances. She has recently embarked on writing mysteries. Just like the heroines in her books, she uses sarcastic wit and humor to make people laugh.</div>
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When not immersed in creating new worlds and interesting characters, Sandra likes to read and travel. Her favorite place to spend vacation hours is Walt Disney World. It’s where dreams come true and that suits her just fine. Writing is her ultimate dream job.</div>
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Welcome, Sandi!<br />
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<span style="color: #993399; font-weight: bold;">Thank you so much for taking the time o</span><span style="color: #993399; font-weight: bold;">ut of your own busy schedule to interview me. I appreciate it.</span></div>
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Your book, <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #993399;">Winner Takes All</span> </span>(Desert Breeze Publishing) is set in Indianapolis during the early 1900s:<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">Lily Henderson’s greatest passion is knowledge. Christopher Farnsworth thrives on order and decorum. But Lily’s penchant for Suffragette rallies and logical reasoning soon clash with Christopher’s quiet, controlled ex-military lifestyle over a bowl of potato soup.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">The two agree to a wager and love is the intended outcome. The premise? A suitable match by Easter. If he loses, he’ll attend Easter church services dressed in one of his aunt’s outrageously colored and beaded gowns. If she loses, she’ll ride, Lady Godiva-style, around the heart of Indianapolis.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">The problem is neither Christopher nor Lily can find matches as good as themselves. Romantic sabotage is the order of the day. The original wager is forgotten when the only thing the pair gamble with is their hearts.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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What was your inspiration for <span style="color: #993399; font-weight: bold;">Winner Takes All</span>? How did you come up with the idea?<br />
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<span style="color: #993399; font-weight: bold;">My inspiration for the book was the product of watching too many romantic comedies. I love the idea of a couple being thrown together under trying circumstances and having to relate to each other even though the initial meeting is less than ideal. The idea came to me during the Halloween season last year as I wracked my brain for something to write about for the NaNo project in November. The opening scene with the missing engagement ring originally belonged to Lily but at the last moment as the book took shape, I changed it to her best friend.</span></div>
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What kind of research did you have to do?<br />
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<span style="color: #993399; font-weight: bold;">I'm always careful about doing research before a project, even if that project is not a historical novel. I do alot of pre-lim research online and in books. If I'm still uncertain about an event or place, I lean on the great people at the Indiana Historical Society. I can email them with my question, and they get back with me in a few days with all sorts of information. I'm really grateful for their help.</span></div>
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What did you learn during that research?<br />
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<span style="color: #993399; font-weight: bold;">One of the most fascinating things I dug up was that the city of Indianapolis had segregated hotels, even though African-Americans were allowed to fight for their country in the military. I wanted to be sure and make one of my supporting characters, Hodgins, a strong, self-confident person in his own right even though he faced huge odds during that time in history. The rest of my characters may be taking great literary liberties with how accepting of him they are, but I firmly believe that throughout history, there were people who flaunted the rules and used their brains to form opinions for themselves.</span></div>
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Did you research change your initial ideas about the book?<br />
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<span style="color: #993399; font-weight: bold;">No, but it did solidify my love of the Indianapolis area. Rich in history, the residents of the early 20th century were really movers and shakers that formed a strong groundwork for the city I now call home. Touring the city's historical landmarks makes me appreciate those who came before to inspire me and give me a great backdrop for my stories.</span></div>
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Did you base Christopher and Lily on real people?<br />
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<span style="color: #993399; font-weight: bold;">Christopher and Lily are not based on real people. I try not to do that if I can get around it. Why? Because it complicates my already complicated life and I don't like to have a fixed image of what a character might look like since the image is not who the character is. I've only done it one time in the history of my writing, and really, I doubt if I'll do it again. I may base a certain gesture or speech pattern, but that's about it.</span></div>
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What are you working on now?<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">I</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">'m currently working on another historical novel, and yes it's set in Indianapolis in 1900. However, this one will have a bit of a paranormal twist, and no, you can't have a hint. Don't want to give too much away up front.</span></div>
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Thanks again for stopping by, Sandi!<br />
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Be sure to check out her <a href="http://www.sandrasookoo.com/">website</a>.<br />
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And now for an excerpt from <span style="color: #993399; font-weight: bold;">Winner Takes All</span>:<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">“I’d be willing to wager I can find you a suitable husband by Easter.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">She spun around so quickly her skirt twisted about her legs. “I beg your pardon?” </span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">The man stood and made certain all eyes were on him before he continued. “I’d be willing to take any wager that says I can match you with the perfect man by the Easter holiday, six weeks from now.” He downed the last of his wine then rested the empty glass on the table. “I just assumed your problem regarding men is the simple fact you can’t find one good enough, but now I realize the problem also rests in your attitude.” He shrugged, a wicked gleam in his eyes. “Why not let me take that anxiety from you and do the dirty work.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">She frowned. “What does that mean?” She didn’t like the intense way his eyes held hers. It made her insides warm and faint tremors dance through her stomach, and reminded her of when she was a child and would swing on a rope from a tree limb in their yard. She glanced at Samantha, but from the amused half-smile on her friend’s lips, Lily knew she wouldn’t get much help in that quarter.</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Christopher flicked an invisible piece of lint from his immaculate black suit coat. “Let me interview a few men, find their strengths and weaknesses, their likes and dislikes. I’ll put them through a screening process and once they pass the test, you can have a few outings with them.” He flashed a confident smile to her parents. “By Easter, I’m certain one of them will be to your liking.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">She lifted a brow. “You must have a high opinion of yourself to think I’d accept any man you endorsed. And I might remind you I’m not looking for a mate.”</span></div>
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<span style="color: #993399; font-weight: bold;">Winner Takes All</span> purchase links:<br />
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<a href="http://stores.desertbreezepublishing.com/-strse-25/Winner-Takes-All/Detail.bok">Desert Breeze Publishing</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.allromanceebooks.com/product-winnertakesall-16336-158.html">All Romance eBooks</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Winner-Takes-All/dp/B00284BUMS/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244904861&sr=8-1">Amazon.com</a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5748327528599119536.post-34973746670004271962009-06-01T07:18:00.000-07:002009-06-10T06:49:25.116-07:00Historic Preservation: Safeguarding Scenes from the Past<span style="font-size:100%;">This month I’m doing something different. As a participant in Classic Romance Revival’s blog carnival, I’m supposed to address the topic, </span><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" >Settings: Simply Scenic or Something Significant?</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> (be sure to visit </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.classicromancerevival.com/blog/">CRR blog carnival central June 5-13th</a>.)But, like my website, this blog is devoted to history so I thought I’d approach the subject of setting from a different angle—that of historic preservation.<br /><br />Those who love learning about the past are natural advocates of historic preservation. Whether collecting antiques or snapping photos, we all are engaged in preserving scenes from the past. Too many of those scenes, however, have disappeared, or are about to. Check out efforts to save <a href="http://www.projecthougoumont.com/">Hougoumont Farm</a> at historic Waterloo Battlefield in Belgium. And the struggle to protect <a href="http://www.littlegreenstreet.com/">Little Green Street</a> in London--one of the last Georgian neighborhoods of that great city. (Structures along this seven foot wide cobblestone lane survived the Blitz of WWII but now are threatened by construction trucks that will quite literally will pass inches from the front doors of houses built in the 1780s.)</span><p><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PO4Dfzdy1d8/SiPmbW4t3jI/AAAAAAAAAS8/vMa13AwUI70/s1600-h/Cutty+Sark2.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 147px; height: 221px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PO4Dfzdy1d8/SiPmbW4t3jI/AAAAAAAAAS8/vMa13AwUI70/s320/Cutty+Sark2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5342366940665863730" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:100%;">I was particularly saddened by the <a href="http://www.seahistory.org/assets/hsls/HSLS%20120.pdf">destruction of the Cutty Sark</a> in 2007. Six years before this tea clipper ship caught fire, I was lucky to tour it while visiting London. Fortunately, most of the bow and stern portions of the ship survived. The good news is that the sixty figureheads on display had been removed because of ongoing restoration work.</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PO4Dfzdy1d8/SiUxx4vB7fI/AAAAAAAAAUk/Slm3n1tUJI0/s1600-h/Figurehead+collection2.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 137px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PO4Dfzdy1d8/SiUxx4vB7fI/AAAAAAAAAUk/Slm3n1tUJI0/s200/Figurehead+collection2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5342731266057956850" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The Cutty Sark was built in 1869 and dry-docked in Greenwich as a museum in 1954. “Cutty sark” is a Scots term for chemise. It’s the nickname of the witch Nannie Dee in Robert Burn’s poem </span></span><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" >Tam o’Shanter</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PO4Dfzdy1d8/SiUwLcnfmBI/AAAAAAAAAT8/iJNG1X80QjM/s1600-h/Cutty+Sark+Figurehead2.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 174px; height: 200px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PO4Dfzdy1d8/SiUwLcnfmBI/AAAAAAAAAT8/iJNG1X80QjM/s200/Cutty+Sark+Figurehead2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5342729506163496978" border="0" /></a><br />To the right is a photo of the ship’s figurehead. The linen draped below Nan’s breasts is the “cutty sark.” She’s holding the tail of Tam’s horse which came off in her hand as she pursued him.<br /><br />Click here to learn more about the <a href="http://www.cuttysark.org.uk/">Cutty Sark Conservation Project</a></span><br /><br />Best-selling author David McCullough postulates that history is about who we are and why we are the way we are. He says: <span style="font-style:italic;">The pull, the attraction of history, is in our human nature…history ought to be a source of pleasure…it's an enlargement of the experience of being alive…</span><br /><br />Preserving scenes from the past—whether in the physical sense or through the written word—is how we ensure that experience for future generations.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com23